Glossary

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PICTIVE(also: Plastic Interface for Collaborative Technology Initiatives through Video Exploration)

PICTIVE is a participatory paper-prototyping technique introduced by Michael Muller at CHI 1991, in which end users and designers jointly build low-fidelity interface prototypes using pre-cut paper UI elements (buttons, menus, text fields, icons), sticky notes, pens, and tape,…

Participant-led research(also: User-led research)

A research methodology in which participants — particularly those from marginalized or underrepresented groups — take an active role in directing the research process, shaping study protocols, and determining what aspects of a system or experience are most important to…

Participatory Captioning

A framework proposed by Nguyen et al. (2026) that characterises social media video captioning as a collaborative, community-sustained infrastructure co-produced by viewers, creators, and platforms — rather than a top-down accessibility feature delivered unilaterally.…

Participatory Design(also: Co-Design, Cooperative Design, PD)

A design methodology that actively involves end users as partners in the design process rather than passive subjects of user testing. In accessibility contexts, participatory design is particularly important because failing to consider user opinions early in design is a major…

Participatory Design with Proxies(also: PDwP, Proxy Design)

A variation of participatory design in which people who are familiar with target users or who closely resemble them are included in the design process as proxy participants. Proxies — such as parents, teachers, caregivers, or Speech-Language Pathologists — provide domain…

Participatory Evaluation(also: PE)

A research approach in which the people affected by a program, technology, or intervention are actively involved in evaluating it, rather than being passive subjects of assessment. In accessibility research, participatory evaluation means disabled people help define evaluation…

Participatory Speculative Design(also: PSD, Social Dreaming)

A design research approach that combines speculative design — imagining alternative futures and artifacts that do not yet exist — with participatory methods that position community members, particularly those historically excluded from technology design, as co-authors of those…

Person-Centred Planning(also: Person-Centered Planning, PCP)

A combination of approaches designed to empower people with disabilities to make their own choices and decisions about the support they receive. In accessibility contexts, person-centred planning shifts control from service providers to the individual, recognizing that people…

Pluralistic Walkthrough(also: Pluralistic Usability Walkthrough)

A group usability inspection method, introduced by Randolph Bias in 1994, in which users, developers, and usability specialists step through a task scenario together, each writing down the actions they would take at every screen before discussing as a group. It extends the…

Proxy Feedback(also: Proxy User Testing, Surrogate Feedback)

A user research method in which feedback on designs or prototypes is gathered from people who are close to the target users — such as carers, therapists, family members, or support workers — rather than from the users themselves. This approach is used when direct communication…

Pseudo-participation(also: Pseudo-participation by Design)

A term coined by Palacin et al. (2020) to describe forms of user involvement in design that appear participatory on the surface but grant participants limited power to shape outcomes. In accessibility and AI contexts, pseudo-participation occurs when disabled people are invited…

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