Glossary

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BETSIE(also: BBC Education Text to Speech Internet Enhancer)

BETSIE (BBC Education Text to Speech Internet Enhancer) was an early web accessibility tool developed by the BBC as a CGI Perl script that produced text-only versions of web pages optimized for users of text-to-speech systems. BETSIE handled frames by serializing them,…

BS 8878(also: British Standard 8878, Web Accessibility Code of Practice)

A British Standard published in 2010 that provides a code of practice for web accessibility. BS 8878 defines a 16-step process for implementing web accessibility within organisations, taking a user-centred approach that goes beyond technical conformance with WCAG. It emphasises…

Barrier Impact Factor(also: BIF, Accessibility Barrier Impact)

A metric for measuring the severity of web accessibility barriers by weighting detected errors according to which assistive technologies and disability groups they affect. The BIF is calculated by summing the product of the number of errors and a weight value for each affected…

Barrier Walkthrough Method(also: BW Method, Barrier Walkthrough)

An accessibility evaluation method developed by Giorgio Brajnik that groups Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) success criteria by user categories such as blind users, people with low vision, and motor-impaired users. Unlike standard WCAG audits that evaluate all…

Bidirectional Interface(also: BiDi Interface, RTL Interface)

A user interface designed to support both left-to-right (LTR) and right-to-left (RTL) text directions, essential for languages such as Arabic, Hebrew, Farsi, and Urdu. Bidirectional interfaces must handle not only text direction but also the mirroring of layout elements,…

Blackboard Ally(also: Ally)

A commercial accessibility-checking and alternative-format-generation service from Anthology (Blackboard) that integrates with learning management systems such as Blackboard Learn, Canvas, Moodle, and Brightspace. Ally scans uploaded course materials, reports accessibility…

Bobby(also: Bobby Worldwide, Watchfire Bobby)

Bobby was one of the earliest and most widely used automated web accessibility testing tools, developed by the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) and later acquired by Watchfire (subsequently IBM). Launched in the mid-1990s, Bobby checked web pages against WCAG 1.0…

Breadcrumb(also: Breadcrumb Navigation, Breadcrumb Trail, Breadcrumbs)

A secondary navigation pattern that displays the user's current location within a site or application hierarchy as a series of linked steps, typically separated by arrows or slashes. Breadcrumbs help users understand where they are in a structure and navigate back to higher…

Brickfield Accessibility Toolkit(also: Brickfield Toolkit)

An accessibility scanning and reporting tool for Moodle developed by Brickfield Education Labs. It is distributed on a freemium model: a community-edition set of scanners is integrated into the Moodle core Accessibility Toolkit, while advanced institutional features (bulk…

Brightness Contrast(also: Luminance Contrast, Perceived Brightness Difference)

The difference in perceived brightness between two colors, typically between text and its background. Brightness contrast is a key factor in readability, especially for people with low vision, color vision deficiencies, or those viewing content in challenging lighting…

Browser Extension(also: Browser Plugin, Browser Add-On)

A software module that adds functionality to a web browser, typically installed from a browser's extension store. Browser extensions are a common delivery mechanism for accessibility tools because they can modify webpage content and behavior without requiring changes to the…

Browser Extension Accessibility(also: Accessible Browser Extension, Assistive Browser Extension)

The design and development of web browser extensions that either enhance the accessibility of existing web content or are themselves fully accessible to users of assistive technologies. Assistive browser extensions can augment web pages with additional accessible content,…

Browser Helper Object(also: BHO)

A plugin module for web browsers (originally Internet Explorer) that loads with each browser instance and has access to the Document Object Model and browser events. In accessibility contexts, BHOs have been used to implement client-side web page transformations such as text…

Browsing Fatigue(also: Navigation Fatigue, Screen Reader Fatigue)

Physical and cognitive exhaustion experienced by users — particularly screen reader users and those with motor impairments — when navigating web content through repetitive, effortful interactions. For blind screen reader users, browsing fatigue results from excessive keyboard…

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