Glossary

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Random Walk(also: Random Walk Sampling)

In web-accessibility evaluation, a random walk is a probabilistic sampling method that starts from a seed page (typically the home page) and follows outgoing links according to a probability rule — for example, with probability d follow a uniformly-chosen outgoing link, and with…

Re-narration(also: Web Re-narration, Content Re-narration)

The process of creating alternative versions of web content — such as translations, simplifications, audio descriptions, or culturally adapted media — to make it accessible to audiences who cannot effectively use the original. Unlike simple translation or metadata repair,…

Reaching Time(also: Navigation Time, Time to Target)

A usability metric measuring the time required for a user to navigate to a specific element on a web page. For blind users employing screen readers, reaching time is a key indicator of page navigability and efficiency, as it captures the cumulative cost of navigating through and…

Readability(also: Text Readability)

The ease with which a reader can read and understand written text. Readability encompasses both visual readability (typography, layout, color contrast, spacing) and linguistic readability (vocabulary complexity, sentence structure, text organization). In accessibility contexts,…

Reading Order(also: Logical Reading Order, Narration Order)

The sequence in which content is presented to assistive technology users, particularly screen reader users, when navigating a document or web page. For sighted users, the visual layout of a document (columns, sections, sidebars) implicitly suggests a reading flow, but screen…

Reading accessibility(also: Readable content, Text accessibility)

The design of written content and reading interfaces to be usable by people with diverse literacy levels, cognitive abilities, language backgrounds, and sensory capabilities. Reading accessibility encompasses plain language, text simplification, adjustable typography (font size,…

Relative Font Sizing(also: Relative Units, Scalable Typography, Flexible Font Sizes)

The practice of specifying text sizes using relative units (such as em, rem, or percentages) rather than absolute units (such as pixels or points), allowing text to scale when users adjust their browser or system font size settings. Relative font sizing is an important…

Relevance Scoring(also: Task Relevance Score, Content Relevance Rating)

The assignment of numerical scores to web page elements indicating how relevant they are to a user's specified task or goal. In systems like Task Mode, relevance scores typically range from 0 (completely irrelevant) to 100 (critical to the task), assigned by large language…

Relevance Threshold(also: Filtering Threshold, Display Threshold)

A user-adjustable cutoff value that determines which content elements are displayed or hidden based on their relevance scores. Elements scoring above the threshold are shown; those below are de-emphasized or removed. Relevance thresholds provide users with agency over how…

Renarration(also: Content Renarration, Web Renarration)

The process of re-telling, re-presenting, or re-styling existing web content to make it accessible to new audiences who face barriers the original content was not designed to address. Renarration goes beyond traditional accessibility remediation by enabling transformations that…

Retrofit Accessibility(also: Accessibility Retrofitting, Bolt-On Accessibility)

The practice of adding accessibility features to a product, system, or interface after it has already been designed and built for non-disabled users. Retrofit accessibility often results in suboptimal experiences because the fundamental interaction paradigms may be misaligned…

Rich Internet Application(also: RIA, Dynamic Web Application)

A web application that uses JavaScript and related technologies to provide interactive features, dynamic content updates, and sophisticated user interface widgets that approach the functionality of desktop applications. RIAs present significant accessibility challenges because…

Rich Text(also: Formatted Text, Styled Text)

Text content that includes visual formatting attributes beyond plain characters, such as font size, font family, color, bold, italic, underline, and other styling properties. On the web, rich text is created through HTML elements and CSS properties that give text visual emphasis…

Rich internet application(also: RIA)

A web application that uses client-side scripting (typically JavaScript) to provide dynamic, interactive functionality similar to desktop software, including features like drag-and-drop, real-time updates, and complex widgets. Rich internet applications present significant…

Role Attribute(also: ARIA Role, WAI Role)

An HTML attribute that defines the purpose or type of a user interface element, communicating its function to assistive technologies. Originally proposed as part of the XHTML namespace-based approach described by Gibson and Schwerdtfeger at IBM, the role attribute became a…

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