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• Automating Accessibility: The Dynamic Keyboard

  Shari Trewin · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper presents the Dynamic Keyboard, a self-adaptive software agent developed at IBM's T.J. Watson Research Center that continuously and automatically adjusts keyboard accessibility settings to match the current user's typing patterns. The system addresses a bootstrapping…

  keyboard accessibility · adaptive systems · motor accessibility · input methods · self-adaptive system

• A Web Accessibility Service: Update and Findings

  Vicki L. Hanson, John T. Richards · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper reports on the evolution of IBM's Web Accessibility Service from a proxy server prototype (presented at Assets 2002) to a client-side architecture that transforms web pages on the fly to meet the needs of older adults and people with disabilities. The original proxy…

  web accessibility · web adaptation · aging · assistive technology · personalization

• EyeDraw: A System for Drawing Pictures with Eye Movements

  Anthony Hornof, Anna Cavender, Rob Hoselton · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper presents EyeDraw, a software program that enables children with severe mobility impairments to draw pictures using only their eye movements tracked by an LC Technologies Eyegaze eye tracker. The system is designed to provide creative developmental experiences…

  eye tracking · gaze input · motor accessibility · children · creative arts

• Designing a Cognitive Aid for the Home: A Case-Study Approach

  Jessica Paradise, Elizabeth D. Mynatt, Cliff Williams, John Goldthwaite · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper describes the design of a computational pacing aid for a woman ("C") with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) who struggles with chronic tardiness during her morning routine at a residential program. The researchers from Georgia Tech and Drexel University used an…

  cognitive accessibility · traumatic brain injury · cognitive aid · smart home · independent living

• Middleware to Expand Context and Preview in Hypertext

  Simon Harper, Carole Goble, Robert Stevens, Yeliz Yesilada · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper presents a middleware tool that automatically annotates web pages with expanded context and preview information for hypertext links, addressing a core navigation problem for visually impaired web users. The authors draw an analogy between physical mobility and web…

  web accessibility · visual impairment · web navigation · web transcoding · link context

• UMA: A System for Universal Mathematics Accessibility

  A. I. Karshmer, G. Gupta, E. Pontelli, K. Miesenberger, N. Ammalai, D. Gopal, M. Batusic, B. Stöger, B. Palmer, H-F. Guo · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper presents the Universal Mathematics Accessibility (UMA) system, a multi-institution collaboration to make mathematical content interoperable between the notation systems used by blind and sighted individuals. The fundamental problem is that blind mathematicians use…

  mathematical accessibility · braille · visual impairment · STEM accessibility · MathML

• Accessibility of Internet Websites through Time

  Stephanie Hackett, Bambang Parmanto, Xiaoming Zeng · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper presents a longitudinal analysis of web accessibility from 1997 to 2002 using archived snapshots from the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine. The researchers evaluated 240 archived instances of random websites (40 per year from the Alexa top 500) alongside 22…

  web accessibility · accessibility evaluation · longitudinal study · WCAG · Section 508

• Memory Enhancement through Audio

  Jaime Sánchez, Héctor Flores · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper presents AudioMemory, a virtual environment based on audio designed to develop and enhance short-term memory in blind children, along with AudioMath, an extension that applies the same model to mathematics learning. Developed at the University of Chile, the software…

  blindness and low vision · children · audio · cognitive development · education

• Nonvisual Tool for Navigating Hierarchical Structures

  Ann C. Smith, Justin S. Cook, Joan M. Francioni, Asif Hossain, Mohd Anwar, M. Fayezur Rahman · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper presents the Aural Tree Navigator, an Eclipse IDE plug-in that enables blind programmers to navigate hierarchical program structures (such as package explorers, class hierarchies, and file systems) using keyboard commands and speech/sound output. The research emerged…

  IDE accessibility · visual impairment · programming · screen reader · tree navigation

• The Ethnographically Informed Participatory Design of a PDA Application to Support Communication

  Rhian Davies, Skip Marcella, Joanna McGrenere, Barbara Purves · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper describes an ethnographically informed participatory design process for creating a PDA-based file management system to support communication for a person with aphasia. The research was conducted at the University of British Columbia with one primary participant, SM, a…

  aphasia · augmentative and alternative communication · participatory design · ethnography · mobile technology

• Semantic Bookmarking for Non-Visual Web Access

  Saikat Mukherjee, I. V. Ramakrishnan, Michael Kifer · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper introduces semantic bookmarking, a technique for non-visual web access that allows blind users to bookmark meaningful content segments on web pages using domain ontologies rather than structural HTML positions. The research is built on HearSay, a speech-driven…

  web accessibility · visual impairment · screen reader · semantic web · web navigation

• Rendering Tables in Audio: The Interaction of Structure and Reading Styles

  Yeliz Yesilada, Robert Stevens, Carole Goble, Shazad Hussein · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of why HTML tables are problematic for screen reader users and proposes two complementary approaches for non-visual table access. The authors from the University of Manchester first characterize what makes tables useful in print —…

  table accessibility · visual impairment · screen reader · web accessibility · table linearization

• A Galvanic Skin Response Interface for People with Severe Motor Disabilities

  Melody M. Moore, Umang Dua · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper explores the use of Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) — changes in the electrical conductivity of the skin caused by sweat gland activity linked to the sympathetic nervous system — as a non-muscular input channel for people with locked-in syndrome. The research was…

  locked-in syndrome · galvanic skin response · brain-computer interface · biometric control · ALS

• Audio Enriched Links: Web Page Previews for Blind Users

  Peter Parente · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper presents Audio Enriched Links (AEL), a JAWS screen reader extension for Internet Explorer that provides spoken previews of linked web pages before blind users follow a hyperlink. The system addresses a fundamental asymmetry in web browsing: sighted users can quickly…

  web accessibility · visual impairment · screen reader · web navigation · link preview

• Strategic Design for Users with Diabetic Retinopathy: Factors Influencing Performance in a Menu-Selection Task

  Paula J. Edwards, Leon Barnard, V. Kathlene Emery, Ji Soo Yi, Kevin P. Moloney, Thitima Kongnakorn, Julie A. Jacko, François Sainfort, Pamela R. Oliver, Joseph Pizzimenti, Annette Bade, Greg Fecho, Josephine Shallo-Hoffmann · 2004 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets 04)

  This paper examines how interface design features affect menu selection performance for users with Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), a progressive eye condition affecting 40-45% of the approximately 18 million Americans with diabetes. The study involved 25 volunteers from Nova…

  diabetic retinopathy · low vision · visual impairment · multimodal feedback · menu design

• A Multi-Path Architecture for Machine Translation of English Text into American Sign Language Animation

  Matt Huenerfauth · 2004 · Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at HLT-NAACL 2004

  Huenerfauth's 2004 student-research-workshop paper proposes a 'multi-path' (or 'pyramidal') architecture for English-to-American Sign Language machine translation that unifies the three classical MT paradigms — direct, transfer, and interlingua — into a single system, with each…

  ASL · American Sign Language · deaf accessibility · sign language · sign language animation

• The Audio Abacus: Representing Numerical Values with Nonspeech Sound for the Visually Impaired

  Bruce N. Walker, Jeffrey Lindsay, Justin Godfrey · 2003 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '04)

  This paper introduces the Audio Abacus, a novel sonification application that transforms exact numerical values into sequences of non-speech tones, following the analogy of a physical abacus where each digit is represented by a distinct sound. Unlike most sonification research,…

  sonification · auditory display · blindness and low vision · data visualization · non-visual interaction

• Mouse Movements of Motion-Impaired Users: A Submovement Analysis

  Faustina Hwang, Simeon Keates, Patrick Langdon, John Clarkson · 2003 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '04)

  This paper presents a detailed submovement analysis of mouse cursor trajectories from six motion-impaired users (four with cerebral palsy of varying types — athetoid, athetoid with spasm, and general — and one with Friedrich's ataxia and tremor) and three able-bodied controls…

  motor disability · cursor control · pointing device · target acquisition · cerebral palsy

• Accessibility Designer: Visualizing Usability for the Blind

  Hironobu Takagi, Chieko Asakawa, Kentarou Fukuda, Junji Maeda · 2003 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '04)

  This paper from IBM's Tokyo Research Laboratory presents Accessibility Designer (aDesigner), a tool that goes beyond conventional accessibility checkers by visualising the usability of web pages for blind screen reader users rather than merely checking HTML compliance. The…

  web accessibility · accessibility testing · screen reader · blindness and low vision · accessibility tools

• Evaluation of a Non-Visual Molecule Browser

  Andy Brown, Steve Pettifer, Robert Stevens · 2003 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '04)

  This paper evaluates Kekulé, software designed to allow visually impaired users to explore chemical molecular structures — diagrams that are typically presented as two-dimensional graph schematics showing atoms (nodes) connected by bonds (edges). Molecular diagrams are an…

  STEM accessibility · non-visual interaction · blindness and low vision · diagram accessibility · synthesized speech

• Image Pre-Compensation to Facilitate Computer Access for Users with Refractive Errors

  Miguel Alonso, Armando Barreto, J. Gualberto Cremades · 2003 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '04)

  This paper presents a novel approach to improving computer access for people with refractive visual errors by pre-compensating displayed images using knowledge of the user's specific optical aberration. The core insight is that the human eye can be modelled as a Linear Time…

  low vision · visual impairment · refractive error · image processing · visual acuity

• visiBabble for Reinforcement of Early Vocalization

  Harriet Fell, Cynthia Cress, Joel MacAuslan, Linda Ferrier · 2003 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '04)

  This paper presents visiBabble, a real-time system that detects syllable-like vocalizations in infant babbling and responds with brightly coloured animations as visual reinforcement. The system targets infants at risk for speech impairments due to conditions such as cerebral…

  early intervention · speech and language · child development · acoustic analysis · developmental disabilities

• Design and Development of an Indoor Navigation and Object Identification System for the Blind

  Andreas Hub, Joachim Diepstraten, Thomas Ertl · 2003 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '04)

  This paper presents a multi-sensor orientation assistant for blind users navigating unknown indoor environments. The system addresses three core problems identified by blind users: determining one's position, determining head direction and movement direction, and identifying…

  indoor navigation · blindness and low vision · object recognition · orientation and mobility · mobile technology

• MEMOS: An Interactive Assistive System for Prospective Memory Deficit Compensation — Architecture and Functionality

  Hendrik Schulze · 2003 · Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '04)

  This paper presents MEMOS (Mobile Extensible Memory Aid System), a distributed electronic memory aid designed to compensate for prospective memory deficits following brain injury. Prospective memory — the ability to remember future intentions and tasks — is a frequent and…

  cognitive prosthetics · memory · brain injury · mobile technology · assistive technology

• Site-Wide Annotation: Reconstructing Existing Pages to Be Accessible

  Hironobu Takagi, Chieko Asakawa, Kentarou Fukuda, Junji Maeda · 2002 · Proceedings of the Fifth International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '02)

  This paper from IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory presents a system for making inaccessible web pages accessible through external annotations, without modifying the original pages. The core problem is "page fragmentation" — on visually designed web pages, different types of content…

  web accessibility · web transcoding · web annotation · screen reader · blindness and low vision