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• Measuring and comparing the reliability of the structured walkthrough evaluation method with novices and experts

  Christopher Bailey, Elaine Pearson, Voula Gkatzidou · 2014 · Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper investigates the reliability of the Structured Walkthrough evaluation method — a systematic approach to manual accessibility evaluation embedded in the Accessibility Evaluation Assistant (AEA) tool. The AEA contains 48 accessibility heuristics organised into five…

  accessibility testing · web accessibility evaluation · WCAG compliance · evaluator effect · accessibility education

• An analysis of personalized web accessibility

  Nádia Fernandes, Nikolaos Kaklanis, Konstantinos Votis, Dimitrios Tzovaras, Luís Carriço · 2014 · Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper presents an experimental study comparing generic (all-disabilities) web accessibility evaluations with personalized evaluations tailored to specific disability profiles. Using the WaaT (Web Accessibility Assessment Tool) evaluator, the authors assessed 39 home pages…

  accessibility testing · automated evaluation · personalization · accessibility metrics · WCAG compliance

• 'The new accessibility panic': Remaining challenges to the achievement of Australia's National Transition Strategy

  Denise Wood, Scott Hollier · 2014 · Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper examines the Australian Government's progress toward its 2010 National Transition Strategy (NTS), which mandated that all federal, state, and territory websites achieve WCAG 2.0 Level AA conformance by the end of 2014. Drawing on content analysis of government blog…

  web accessibility · government accessibility · accessibility policy · WCAG compliance · accessibility training

• Global Considerations in Creating an Organizational Web Accessibility Policy

  David Sloan, Sarah Horton · 2014 · Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper from The Paciello Group examines the legislative and policy landscape for web accessibility across five countries — Australia, Brazil, China, India, and South Africa — to help multinational organisations develop global accessibility policies. The authors review…

  accessibility policy · accessibility law · global accessibility · WCAG compliance · organizational accessibility

• HEUA: A Heuristic Evaluation with Usability and Accessibility Requirements to Assess Web Systems

  Ana Luiza Dias, Renata Pontin de Mattos Fortes, Paulo Cesar Masiero · 2014 · Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper from the University of Sao Paulo presents HEUA (Heuristic Evaluation with Usability and Accessibility), a questionnaire-based instrument that integrates usability and accessibility assessment into a single evaluation framework for web systems. The authors argue that…

  accessibility testing · usability testing · heuristic evaluation · evaluation methods · web accessibility

• Investigating the Appropriateness and Relevance of Mobile Web Accessibility Guidelines

  Raphael Clegg-Vinell, Christopher Bailey, Voula Gkatzidou · 2014 · Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper from AbilityNet and Brunel University examines whether real accessibility issues found during mobile user testing can be effectively mapped to existing guidelines — specifically WCAG 2.0 and the W3C Mobile Web Best Practices (MWBP) 1.0. Five lab-based mobile testing…

  mobile accessibility · WCAG compliance · accessibility testing · usability testing · accessibility standards

• "Bring your own problems": the path to WCAG 2.0 conformance through industry based training

  Denise Wood, Scott Hollier · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper examines Australia's National Transition Strategy (NTS), which mandated that all federal, state, and territory government websites conform to WCAG 2.0 by staged deadlines — Level A by December 2012 and Level AA by December 2014. The authors contextualise this mandate…

  accessibility training · WCAG compliance · government accessibility · professional development · web accessibility

• Web accessibility snapshot: an effort to reveal coding guidelines conformance

  Vagner Figueredo de Santana, Rogério Abreu de Paula · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper presents the first iteration of the Web Accessibility Snapshot (WAS) project, a large-scale automated evaluation of web accessibility conformance across two sets of 1,000 websites each: the Alexa top 1,000 most popular sites and a randomly generated sample of 1,000…

  automated testing · WCAG compliance · web accessibility · accessibility metrics · web standards

• Benchmarking Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools: Measuring the Harm of Sole Reliance on Automated Tests

  Markel Vigo, Justin Brown, Vivienne Conway · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper provides rigorous empirical evidence on the limitations of automated web accessibility evaluation tools by benchmarking six state-of-the-art tools — AChecker, SortSite, Total Validator, TAW, Deque, and AMP — against expert manual evaluations of three Australian…

  automated testing · accessibility evaluation · WCAG compliance · evaluation tools · benchmarking

• Methodology for Identifying and Solving Accessibility Related Issues in Web Content Management System Environments

  Juan Miguel López, Afra Pascual, Cristina Menduiña, Toni Granollers · 2012 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper presents a nine-step iterative methodology for identifying and resolving accessibility issues in web content management system (CMS) environments. The authors address the growing problem that while CMSs like OpenCMS and Typo3 enable non-technical users to manage web…

  content management systems · WCAG compliance · ATAG · web accessibility · evaluation methods

• Certification or Conformance: Making a Successful Commitment to WCAG 2.0

  Suzette Keith, Nikolaos Floratos, Gill Whitney · 2012 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  Commissioned by ANEC (the European consumer voice in standardisation), this study examined whether voluntary self-declaration or third-party certification of web accessibility conformance translates into actual compliance with WCAG 2.0. The researchers selected 100 websites from…

  WCAG compliance · accessibility evaluation · certification · conformance testing · e-government

• A Challenge to Web Accessibility Metrics and Guidelines: Putting People and Processes First

  Martyn Cooper, David Sloan, Brian Kelly, Sarah Lewthwaite · 2012 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This influential paper argues that web accessibility is not an intrinsic property of a digital resource but a relational quality determined by the interaction between users, resources, and contexts — shaped by political, social, cultural, and technical factors. The authors…

  accessibility theory · accessibility policy · WCAG compliance · user experience · disability studies

• Guidelines, Icons and Marketable Skills: An Accessibility Evaluation of 100 Web Development Company Homepages

  Teresa D. Gilbertson, Colin H. C. Machin · 2012 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This study examined whether web development companies that market accessibility as a skill actually practice what they preach, by evaluating the homepages of 100 UK web development companies selected from Google searches across four geographic regions. Each homepage was tested…

  web accessibility · WCAG compliance · developer awareness · conformance testing · accessibility evaluation

• Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Tool to Support Novice Auditors

  Christopher Bailey, Elaine Pearson · 2012 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper evaluates the Accessibility Evaluation Assistant (AEA), a web-based knowledge management tool designed to help novice auditors conduct accessibility evaluations, by comparing it against standard WCAG 2.0 conformance review. The AEA was developed at Teesside University…

  accessibility evaluation · accessibility education · WCAG compliance · evaluation tools · accessibility training

• Getting One Voice: Tuning Up Experts' Assessment in Measuring Accessibility

  Silvia Mirri, Paola Salomoni, Ludovico A. Muratori, Matteo Battistelli · 2012 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper addresses a fundamental challenge in web accessibility evaluation: how to reconcile the subjective assessments of multiple human experts into a single, reliable accessibility measurement. While automated testing tools produce binary pass/fail results for detectable…

  accessibility metrics · accessibility evaluation · manual evaluation · automated testing · expert assessment

• Website Accessibility in Australia and the Australian Government's National Transition Strategy

  Vivienne L. Conway · 2011 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This short research proposal paper outlines a planned study to assess the effectiveness of Australia's Web Accessibility National Transition Strategy (NTS), released by the Australian Government in June 2010. The NTS mandated that all federal government websites conform to WCAG…

  web accessibility · policy · WCAG compliance · government · accessibility standards

• Accessibility at Early Stages: Insights from the Designer Perspective

  Adriana Martín, Alejandra Cechich, Gustavo Rossi · 2011 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper addresses a fundamental imbalance in web accessibility practice: while many tools exist to help developers evaluate accessibility after implementation, very few support designers in building accessibility into web applications from the start. The authors propose a…

  accessible design · software engineering · aspect-oriented design · web engineering · model-driven development

• Development and Trial of an Educational Tool to Support the Accessibility Evaluation Process

  Christopher Bailey, Elaine Pearson · 2011 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper describes the design, development, and first trial of the Accessibility Evaluation Assistant (AEA), a web-based knowledge management tool created at Teesside University to support novice auditors in conducting accessibility evaluations. The AEA addresses a key gap:…

  accessibility evaluation · accessibility education · WCAG compliance · evaluation tools · novice auditors

• Accessible Icon Design in Enterprise Applications

  Eric Stilan, Amy Chen, Lulit Bezuayehu · 2011 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper from Oracle's design team presents case studies of designing accessible icons for enterprise software, focusing on the challenge of conveying complex meanings — conditional status, severity levels, data trends — within 16x16 pixel icons without relying on color as the…

  visual design · color contrast · color blindness · accessible design · user interface design

• An Educational Tool for Generating Inaccessible Page Examples Based on WCAG 2.0 Failures

  Atheer S. Al-Khalifa, Hend S. Al-Khalifa · 2011 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper presents the Accessibility Example Generator (AEG), an online educational tool from King Saud University and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia, designed to help instructors create modular examples of inaccessible web pages based on…

  accessibility education · WCAG compliance · accessibility evaluation · accessibility tools · web development

• WaaT: Personalised Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool

  Theofanis Oikonomou, Nikolaos Kaklanis, Konstantinos Votis, Grammati-Eirini Kastori, Nikolaos Partarakis, Dimitrios Tzovaras · 2011 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper presents WaaT (Web Accessibility Assessment Tool), a personalized accessibility evaluation tool that allows developers to assess web content against specific disability profiles, assistive technologies, and personas rather than running a generic WCAG 2.0 audit.…

  accessibility evaluation · automated testing · WCAG compliance · accessibility tools · personas

• Crosschecking the Mobile Web for People with Visual Impairments

  Luís Carriço, Rui Lopes, Rogério Bandeira · 2011 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper proposes a framework for evaluating mobile web accessibility for specific disability profiles by coherently merging three sets of guidelines: WCAG (web accessibility), W3C Mobile Web Best Practices (MWBP), and disability classifications from the ICF. The authors argue…

  mobile accessibility · blind and low vision · WCAG compliance · accessibility evaluation · web standards

• Application of Traditional Software Testing Methodologies to Web Accessibility

  Cynthia C. Shelly, Mike Barta · 2010 · Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  Written by authors from Microsoft and the University of Washington, this paper argues that the evolution of web content from static documents to dynamic Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) demands a corresponding evolution in accessibility testing methodology — from post-hoc…

  accessibility testing · software development · quality assurance · shift-left accessibility · automated testing

• Accessibility Challenges and Tool Features: An IBM Web Developer Perspective

  Shari Trewin, Brian Cragun, Cal Swart, Jonathan Brezin, John Richards · 2010 · Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This highly cited (50 citations) survey of 49 IBM web developers explores the barriers they face in creating accessible rich internet applications and what features they value in accessibility testing tools. IBM mandates accessibility through Corporate Instruction 162, with a…

  developer awareness · accessibility testing · evaluation tools · software development · accessibility training

• AChecker: open, interactive, customizable, web accessibility checking

  Greg Gay, Cindy Qi Li · 2010 · Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper introduces AChecker, an open-source web accessibility checker developed at the University of Toronto's Adaptive Technology Resource Centre. AChecker was designed to address two fundamental shortcomings of existing accessibility evaluation tools: the lack of…

  automated testing · accessibility evaluation · open source · WCAG compliance · accessibility tools