Glossary

Search results

3D Instance Segmentation

3D instance segmentation is a computer vision technique that identifies and delineates individual objects within a three-dimensional point cloud or mesh, assigning a distinct label to each detected instance. Unlike semantic segmentation (which classifies every point by…

ACT Rules(also: Accessibility Conformance Testing Rules, ACT-R)

A set of standardized, machine-readable test rules developed by the W3C that provide specific, objective criteria for evaluating whether web content meets accessibility requirements like WCAG success criteria. ACT Rules aim to reduce inconsistency between different automated…

Automated Web GUI Testing(also: AWGT, Automated GUI Testing, Web Crawler Testing)

Automated Web GUI Testing (AWGT) refers to software testing approaches that automatically explore web applications by performing GUI interactions such as clicking and form input, without requiring manually written test scripts. AWGTs build a state model of the application during…

Barrier Impact Factor(also: BIF, Accessibility Barrier Impact)

A metric for measuring the severity of web accessibility barriers by weighting detected errors according to which assistive technologies and disability groups they affect. The BIF is calculated by summing the product of the number of errors and a weight value for each affected…

Cascading classifier(also: Cascaded detection, Multi-stage classifier)

A machine learning architecture that chains multiple detection stages in sequence, where each stage filters candidates before passing them to the next, progressively increasing detection precision while maintaining recall. In accessibility applications, cascading classifiers are…

Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery(also: CI/CD, Continuous Integration, Continuous Delivery)

Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) is a software development practice where code changes are automatically built, tested, and prepared for release on an ongoing basis. In accessibility practice, CI/CD pipelines can incorporate automated accessibility testing…

Contrastive Learning(also: Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning)

Contrastive learning is a machine learning technique that trains models to produce vector embeddings by maximising similarity between representations of the same or augmented instance (positive pairs) while minimising similarity between representations of different instances…

GUI Testing(also: Graphical User Interface Testing, UI Testing)

GUI testing is a software testing methodology that validates application behaviour by interacting with the graphical user interface, including clicking buttons, entering text, and navigating menus, rather than testing code directly. GUI testing is especially relevant to…

Lighthouse(also: Google Lighthouse, Chrome Lighthouse)

An open-source automated tool developed by Google for auditing web page quality, including performance, accessibility, SEO, and progressive web app compliance. Lighthouse runs in Chrome DevTools, as a browser extension, or via command line, and produces scores from 0-100 for…

MutationObserver(also: DOM Mutation Observer, Mutation Records API)

An HTML5 browser API that monitors and reports changes to the Document Object Model (DOM) structure of a web page in real time, including additions and removals of elements, attribute changes, and text modifications. For accessibility, MutationObserver is significant because it…

Near-Duplicate Pages(also: ND Pages, Near-Duplicate Web Pages)

Near-duplicate pages are web pages that belong to the same functional state from a testing perspective but exhibit low visual or structural similarity due to dynamic content differences. Common causes include dynamically loaded data, dynamically generated HTML attributes such as…

QualWeb(also: QualWeb Evaluator)

An open-source automated web accessibility evaluation tool developed at the University of Lisbon that tests web pages against WCAG success criteria and ACT Rules. QualWeb is notable for being among the first accessibility evaluation tools to incorporate semantic analysis…

State Abstraction(also: Page State Abstraction, State Grouping)

In automated web GUI testing, state abstraction is the process of grouping web pages that exhibit the same behaviour from a testing perspective into a single representative state. Effective state abstraction prevents testing tools from repeatedly exploring functionally identical…

Web Crawler(also: Spider, Web Spider, Web Scraper)

An automated program that systematically browses the World Wide Web by following links from page to page, collecting and indexing content. In accessibility, web crawlers are used as part of large-scale automated accessibility evaluation platforms to collect web pages for…

axe DevTools(also: axe, axe-core)

A widely used suite of automated accessibility testing tools developed by Deque Systems, available as browser extensions, command-line tools, and integrable libraries. The axe-core engine is an open-source JavaScript library that tests web content against WCAG success criteria…

15 results.