Glossary

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Language Accessibility(also: Linguistic Accessibility)

The practice of ensuring that information, services, and digital content are available and comprehensible in the languages that people actually use and prefer. Language accessibility extends beyond translation between spoken languages to include providing content in signed…

Late Deafened(also: Adventitiously Deaf, Acquired Deafness)

Late deafened refers to individuals who became deaf after developing spoken language, typically in adolescence or adulthood. Unlike people who are born deaf or become deaf in early childhood, late-deafened individuals often grew up in hearing culture with spoken language as…

Lecture Captioning(also: Classroom Captioning, Lecture Transcription)

The real-time or post-production conversion of spoken lecture content into text, displayed to students during or after a class session. Lecture captioning can be performed by human captioners (such as CART providers), by automatic speech recognition software, or by a combination…

Lecture Capture(also: Lecture Recording, Classroom Recording)

The process of recording classroom lectures, presentations, or educational sessions using video, audio, and screen capture technology for later review by students. Lecture capture systems range from simple single-camera recordings to multi-camera setups that capture the…

Lip-reading(also: Speechreading, Speech Reading, Visual Speech Perception)

The practice of understanding speech by visually interpreting the movements of the lips, face, and tongue, often used by deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals as a communication strategy. Lip-reading relies on watching the mouth region and facial expressions to decode spoken…

Lipreading(also: Lip reading, Speechreading (narrow sense))

The practice of understanding spoken language by visually interpreting the movements of a speaker's lips, tongue, teeth, jaw, and facial expression. Lipreading is used by many Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing people — especially those who acquired hearing loss after learning spoken…

Live Captioning(also: Real-Time Captioning, Live Captions)

The process of converting spoken language into text displayed in real time, enabling Deaf and hard of hearing individuals to follow live audio content such as meetings, lectures, broadcasts, and events. Live captioning may be performed by human stenographers (CART providers),…

Live Captioning(also: Real-Time Captioning, CART)

The process of creating captions in real time as audio content is being produced, rather than from a pre-existing script. Live captioning is used in television news broadcasts, live events, videoconferences, and classrooms. It presents unique challenges including a natural…

Live Captions(also: Google Live Caption, Automatic Captions)

An Android accessibility feature that automatically generates real-time captions for any audio playing on the device, including videos, podcasts, phone calls, and video meetings. Unlike Live Transcribe which captures ambient speech, Live Captions processes audio output from the…

Live Transcribe(also: Google Live Transcribe)

An Android accessibility feature developed by Google that provides real-time speech-to-text transcription, displaying spoken words as text on the smartphone screen. Live Transcribe supports over 80 languages and is designed primarily for deaf and hard of hearing users to follow…

Logocentrism

In captioning studies, the systematic prioritization of speech and spoken language over non-speech sounds in captioning practices and technologies. Logocentrism in captioning manifests as speech captions receiving more attention, resources, and technical development than…

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