Glossary

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Bilingual Education(also: Bilingual-Bicultural Education, Bi-Bi Education)

Bilingual education in the context of deaf education refers to teaching approaches that use both sign language and the written form of a spoken language as languages of instruction. Often called bilingual-bicultural (Bi-Bi) education, this model recognizes sign language as the…

Bilingual-Bicultural Education(also: Bi-Bi Education, Bilingual Bicultural Education)

Bilingual-bicultural (Bi-Bi) education is an approach to Deaf education in which children learn in both a natural sign language (e.g., ASL, BSL, LSF, LGP) as a first language and the surrounding written/spoken language as a second language, while engaging substantively with both…

Bimodal Bilingualism(also: Bimodal-Bilingual)

The ability to use two languages that exist in different modalities — typically a signed language (visual-gestural modality) and a spoken/written language (auditory-vocal modality). Unlike unimodal bilinguals who use two spoken languages, bimodal bilinguals can potentially…

Blended Learning(also: B-Learning, Hybrid Learning, Mixed-Mode Learning)

An educational approach that combines online digital media and methods with traditional face-to-face classroom activities. Blended learning integrates the flexibility and self-pacing of e-learning with the social interaction and immediacy of in-person instruction, allowing…

Blind Education(also: Education for the Blind, Visual Impairment Education)

Educational practices, methods, and systems designed to provide equitable learning opportunities for students who are blind or have low vision. Blind education encompasses specialized schools for the blind, mainstream inclusive settings with support services, and the use of…

Blind-Perspective Training(also: Non-Visual Training, Blindfold Training)

An educational and vocational training approach where all learners, regardless of their level of functional vision, are taught skills using non-visual techniques such as touch, hearing, and proprioception. In this model, sighted trainees may be encouraged to wear a blindfold to…

Block-Based Programming(also: Visual Block Programming, Block Coding, Blocks-Based Programming)

A programming paradigm where users create code by selecting and connecting visual blocks that snap together like puzzle pieces, rather than typing text-based syntax. Each block represents a programming construct such as a loop, conditional, variable assignment, or function call.…

Blocks-Based Programming(also: Block Programming, Visual Block Programming, BBPE)

A programming paradigm designed to introduce coding concepts to beginners — particularly children — by representing code as visual, interlocking blocks that are dragged and dropped to construct programs, rather than requiring typed syntax. Popular environments include Scratch,…

Blocks4All

An accessible touchscreen-based block-based programming environment designed for students with visual impairments. Blocks4All enables drag-and-drop-like programming interactions on touchscreen devices with screen reader support, making it one of the few on-screen block-based…

Body Awareness(also: Body Schema, Body Image)

The understanding of one's own body including its structure, posture, position in space, and relationship to the environment. Body awareness encompasses both the physical sense of where body parts are (proprioception) and the cognitive understanding of body shape, proportions,…

Braille Literacy(also: Braille Reading and Writing)

The ability to read and write using the braille system, a tactile code of raised dots representing letters, numbers, and symbols. Braille literacy is fundamental to educational achievement, employment, and independence for people who are blind or have low vision. It encompasses…

Braille Textbook(also: Braille Book, Braille Edition)

A textbook transcribed into Braille for use by students and teachers who are blind. Braille textbooks are significantly larger and more expensive to produce than print textbooks, often requiring multiple volumes for a single print book. In India, government-provided Braille…

Braille literacy(also: Braille fluency)

The ability to read and write using the Braille tactile writing system of raised dots. Braille literacy rates among blind people have declined significantly — from over 50% in the 1960s to under 10% in some countries — due to factors including mainstreaming in education, reduced…

Brave Space

A community or environment where people are encouraged to step outside their comfort zones, approach their limits, and try new things while being supported by those around them — as opposed to a "safe space" focused primarily on comfort and protection. In makerspaces and…

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