Glossary

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Chemical Markup Language(also: CML)

An XML-based markup language for representing chemical information including molecular structures, reactions, spectra, and other chemical data in a machine-readable format. CML encodes atoms, bonds, and molecular properties in a structured text format that can be processed by…

Content Dictionary(also: CD, OpenMath Content Dictionary)

A formal specification in the OpenMath standard that provides the definition, description, and properties of a collection of related mathematical symbols. Each Content Dictionary defines symbols used in a particular mathematical domain (such as arithmetic, linear algebra, or…

Description Logic(also: DL, Description Logics)

A family of formal knowledge representation languages used as the mathematical foundation for ontology languages like OWL. Description logics describe a domain in terms of individuals (specific entities), concepts or classes (sets of individuals with shared characteristics), and…

Document Semantics(also: Page Semantics, Web Document Semantics)

Document semantics refers to the layers of meaning embedded in a web page that go beyond the raw HTML markup — including layout semantics (spatial relationships between visual elements), content semantics (the nature and structure of textual content), interaction semantics (the…

Linked Data(also: Linked Open Data, LOD)

A method of publishing structured data on the web so that it can be interlinked and queried across different sources using standard web technologies such as URIs and RDF (Resource Description Framework). In accessibility contexts, linked data has been proposed as a way to…

Linked Data(also: Linked Open Data, LOD)

A method of publishing structured data on the web so that it can be interlinked and queried across different sources using Semantic Web technologies such as RDF, URIs, and SPARQL. Linked Data principles enable disparate datasets — for example, transport accessibility information…

Microformats(also: uFormats)

Microformats are a set of simple, open data formats built upon existing HTML standards that add machine-readable semantic meaning to web content by using standardized class names and HTML attributes. For accessibility, microformats enhance the semantic richness of web pages,…

OWL(also: Web Ontology Language, OWL 2)

The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a W3C standard for defining and instantiating formal ontologies on the web, enabling machines to interpret the meaning and relationships of information rather than just displaying it. OWL supports accessibility by contributing to the Semantic…

Ontology(also: Web Ontology, Knowledge Ontology)

In computing and information science, a formal representation of knowledge within a domain, consisting of concepts, categories, properties, and the relationships between them. Ontologies enable machines to reason about and process domain knowledge in structured ways. In…

OpenMath

An XML-based standard for representing mathematical objects and their semantics in a machine-readable format. Unlike MathML, which has both presentation (visual layout) and content (semantic structure) modes, OpenMath focuses purely on semantic meaning, defining mathematical…

RDF(also: Resource Description Framework)

A W3C standard for describing resources on the web using a graph-based data model of subject-predicate-object triples. RDF provides a foundation for the Semantic Web by enabling machine-readable metadata that can describe relationships between web resources, including…

Semantic Abstraction

The practice of defining interface elements, content, or interactions by their meaning and purpose rather than their specific visual or physical presentation. In accessibility, semantic abstraction is a foundational principle — semantic HTML elements like nav, main, and button…

Semantic Annotation(also: Semantic Markup, Semantic Tagging)

The process of adding machine-readable metadata to web content that describes the meaning of the content rather than its visual presentation. Unlike HTML markup which primarily specifies how content should be displayed (font size, color, layout), semantic annotations describe…

Semantic Bookmarking(also: Semantic Bookmark, Concept-Based Bookmarking)

A web navigation technique that associates saved page locations with meaningful conceptual labels from a domain ontology rather than with specific structural positions in the HTML code. Unlike traditional bookmarks that reference a URL or a position in the document's DOM tree…

Semantic Enrichment(also: Semantic Annotation, Semantic Markup Enhancement)

Semantic enrichment is the process of adding meaningful structural and contextual information to content that may lack it in its original representation. In the context of web accessibility, this often involves augmenting presentation-oriented markup with data attributes or…

Semantic Model(also: Semantic Tree, Semantic Web Model)

An abstract representation of a web page that captures the meaning and relationships of its content, rather than its raw HTML structure. Unlike the Document Object Model (DOM), which represents syntactic elements, a semantic model groups related elements into meaningful entities…

Semantic Partitioning(also: Web Page Partitioning, Content Partitioning)

A technique for automatically dividing a web page into semantically meaningful segments or blocks based on the structural and visual properties of its HTML content. Semantic partitioning analyzes the DOM tree to group related elements using spatial locality (items close together…

UI Semantics(also: User Interface Semantics, Interface Semantics)

The meaningful properties and roles of user interface elements that go beyond their visual appearance, including what an element does, how it can be interacted with, and its relationship to other elements. UI semantics are essential for accessibility because assistive…

Upper Ontology(also: Foundation Ontology, Top-level Ontology)

An upper ontology is a high-level, domain-independent ontology that describes very general concepts — such as 'object', 'role', 'event', 'time', or, in a web-accessibility context, generic structural roles like 'menu', 'navigation', 'content region', or 'decoration'. It is…

XML(also: Extensible Markup Language)

A markup language designed by the W3C for encoding structured data in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. Unlike HTML, which has a fixed set of tags focused on presentation, XML allows authors to define custom tags that describe the meaning and structure…

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