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• Identifying Visual Cues to Improve Independent Indoor Navigation for Blind Individuals

  Cameron Tyler Cassidy · 2017 · Proceedings of the 19th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS)

  This student research competition paper proposes a novel approach to indoor navigation for blind individuals that focuses on providing environmental awareness and a "sense of space" rather than traditional point-to-point directions. The author argues that most existing…

  indoor navigation · blindness · computer vision · eye tracking · wayfinding

• Predictive Link Following Plug-In For Web Browsers

  Lyle Pierson Stachecki, John Magee · 2017 · Proceedings of the 19th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS)

  This demonstration paper presents the first public release of a target-aware pointing assistance plug-in for web browsers that uses Predictive Link Following to help people with motor impairments select links on web pages. Web browsing is challenging for users of mouse…

  motor accessibility · web accessibility · mouse replacement interface · eye tracking · assistive technology

• Fast Human-Computer Interaction by Combining Gaze Pointing and Face Gestures

  David Rozado, Jason Niu, Martin Lochner · 2017 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This paper presents FaceSwitch, an open-source multimodal accessibility system that combines eye gaze tracking for cursor positioning with facial gesture recognition for triggering actions. The system addresses limitations of existing gaze-based interaction methods: gaze-only…

  eye tracking · gaze interaction · face tracking · facial gestures · motor disabilities

• Eye Tracking Scanpath Analysis on Web Pages: How Many Users?

  Sukru Eraslan, Yeliz Yesilada, Simon Harper · 2016 · Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA)

  This paper investigates how many participants are needed for reliable eye tracking scanpath analysis on web pages — a question that has been debated in usability research for over 30 years but never specifically addressed for scanpath studies. While the classic "magic number" of…

  eye tracking · scanpath analysis · usability testing · sample size · web accessibility

• Gaze Typing Through Foot-Operated Wearable Device

  Vijay Rajanna · 2016 · ASSETS '16: Proceedings of the 18th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

  This paper presents a dwell-free gaze typing system that combines eye tracking with a foot-operated wearable device to enable text entry for people with motor impairments affecting arms or spine. Traditional gaze typing requires users to "dwell" (fixate) on virtual keyboard keys…

  gaze typing · eye tracking · wearable devices · foot interaction · motor impairment

• The Effect of Font Type on Screen Readability by People with Dyslexia

  Luz Rello, Ricardo Baeza-Yates · 2016 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This eye-tracking study investigates how different font types affect screen reading performance for people with dyslexia compared to non-dyslexic readers. The researchers recruited 97 native Spanish speakers—48 diagnosed with dyslexia and 49 without—to read short texts displayed…

  dyslexia · typography · readability · eye tracking · font design

• Detecting Readers with Dyslexia Using Machine Learning with Eye Tracking Measures

  Luz Rello, Miguel Ballesteros · 2015 · Proceedings of the 12th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper presents the first machine learning model to automatically detect readers with dyslexia using eye tracking data. The authors trained a Support Vector Machine (SVM) binary classifier on a dataset of 1,135 readings from 97 Spanish-speaking participants aged 11 to 54 —…

  dyslexia · eye tracking · machine learning · detection · support vector machine

• Accessible Texts for Autism: An Eye-Tracking Study

  Victoria Yaneva, Irina Temnikova, Ruslan Mitkov · 2015 · ASSETS '15: Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility

  This pioneering study is the first to use eye-tracking technology with autistic participants to evaluate text document accessibility. People with Autism Spectrum Disorder experience difficulties with reading comprehension—including processing complex sentences, understanding…

  autism · ASD · eye tracking · reading comprehension · easy-read

• Filteryedping: Design Challenges and User Performance of Dwell-Free Eye Typing

  Diogo Pedrosa, Maria da Graça Pimentel, Amy Wright, Khai N. Truong · 2015 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This paper introduces Filteryedping, a dwell-free eye typing technique designed to help people with severe motor disabilities communicate through eye gaze. Traditional dwell-based eye typing requires users to fixate on a key for a specific duration (typically 400-1000ms) to…

  eye tracking · eye typing · dwell-free · motor disability · ALS

• Accessibility Evaluation of Classroom Captions

  Raja S. Kushalnagar, Walter S. Lasecki, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2014 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of real-time captioning approaches for classroom lectures, comparing Communication Access Realtime Translation (CART), Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), and a novel collaborative captioning system called Legion:Scribe. The authors…

  real-time captioning · deaf and hard of hearing · classroom accessibility · crowdsourcing · eye tracking

• Speech Dasher: A Demonstration of Text Input using Speech and Approximate Pointing

  Keith Vertanen, David J.C. MacKay · 2014 · Proceedings of the 16th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility (ASSETS 2014)

  This paper demonstrates Speech Dasher, a multimodal text entry system that combines speech recognition with the Dasher zooming interface to enable fast, corrected text input using only voice and gaze direction. The core problem addressed is that while speech dictation is fast,…

  speech recognition · eye tracking · gaze input · text entry · error correction

• Simplify or Help? Text Simplification Strategies for People with Dyslexia

  Luz Rello, Ricardo Baeza-Yates, Stefan Bott, Horacio Saggion · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper evaluates two automatic lexical simplification strategies designed to make text more accessible for people with dyslexia. The research addresses a key gap: while previous tools for dyslexic readers focused on text presentation (fonts, spacing, colors), none had…

  dyslexia · text simplification · readability · cognitive accessibility · eye tracking

• Size Matters (Spacing Not): 18 Points for a Dyslexic-Friendly Wikipedia

  Luz Rello, Martin Pielot, Mari-Carmen Marcos, Roberto Carlini · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper investigates the effect of font size and line spacing on readability and comprehension for people with dyslexia, tested in the real-world context of Wikipedia articles rather than isolated text samples. The authors conducted an eye-tracking study with 28 participants…

  dyslexia · typography · readability · eye tracking · font size

• Experiential Transcoding: An EyeTracking Approach

  Yeliz Yesilada, Simon Harper, Sukru Eraslan · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper introduces "experiential transcoding" — a user-centred approach to web page transformation that uses eye-tracking data from sighted users to understand how people actually experience web pages, then uses those patterns to guide transcoding for blind and situationally…

  eye tracking · user experience · transcoding · visual impairment · situational impairment

• Performing Locomotion Tasks in Immersive Computer Games with an Adapted Eye-Tracking Interface

  Stephen Vickers, Howell Istance, Aulikki Hyrskykari · 2013 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This paper presents an approach to designing and adapting eye-gaze interaction techniques for locomotion tasks in immersive 3D games, specifically targeting young people with severe physical disabilities. The researchers developed a "transparent overlay" technique where…

  eye tracking · game accessibility · cerebral palsy · muscular dystrophy · adaptive interfaces

• Comparing Native Signers' Perception of American Sign Language Animations and Videos via Eye Tracking

  Hernisa Kacorri, Allen Harper, Matt Huenerfauth · 2013 · Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS)

  This paper investigates whether eye tracking can serve as an alternative or complementary evaluation method for assessing the quality of synthesized American Sign Language (ASL) animations. Computer-generated ASL animations offer accessibility benefits for deaf individuals with…

  sign language · American Sign Language · animation · eye tracking · deaf accessibility

• Good Fonts for Dyslexia

  Luz Rello, Ricardo Baeza-Yates · 2013 · Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS)

  This paper presents the first experiment using eye tracking to objectively measure the impact of font type on reading performance for people with dyslexia. Using a within-subject design, 48 participants with clinically confirmed dyslexia (ages 11-50) read 12 comparable texts…

  dyslexia · typography · readability · eye tracking · font design

• Layout Guidelines for Web Text and a Web Service to Improve Accessibility for Dyslexics

  Luz Rello, Gaurang Kanvinde, Ricardo Baeza-Yates · 2012 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper presents evidence-based layout guidelines for making web text more readable for people with dyslexia, derived from a user study with 22 dyslexic participants and a matched control group. The study is notable for being the first to combine eye-tracking data with…

  dyslexia · readability · typography · eye tracking · text presentation

• Evaluation of Dynamic Image Pre-Compensation for Computer Users with Severe Refractive Error

  Jian Huang, Armando Barreto, Malek Adjouadi · 2012 · Proceedings of the 14th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2012)

  This paper presents a dynamic image pre-compensation method designed to improve computer accessibility for users with severe refractive errors such as high-degree myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Refractive error affects over 30.5 million Americans aged 40 and older, and…

  low vision · refractive error · image enhancement · visual impairment · eye tracking

• Understanding the Role of Age and Fluid Intelligence in Information Search

  Shari Trewin, John T. Richards, Vicki L. Hanson, David Sloan, Bonnie E. John, Cal Swart, John C. Thomas · 2012 · Proceedings of the 14th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2012)

  This study investigates whether age or fluid intelligence is the more important factor driving differences in how people search for information in hierarchical web interfaces. The researchers recruited three groups: 14 younger adults with high fluid intelligence (YH, mean age…

  cognitive accessibility · aging · fluid intelligence · eye tracking · information search

• Using galvanic skin response measures to identify areas of frustration for older web 2.0 users

  Darren Lunn, Simon Harper · 2010 · Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper investigates how older web users experience stress and frustration when interacting with Web 2.0 dynamic content, using galvanic skin response (GSR) measurements combined with eye-tracking data. GSR is a physiological indicator that measures changes in skin electrical…

  older adults · physiological measurement · galvanic skin response · eye tracking · Web 2.0

• Audio Access to Calendars

  Andy Brown, Caroline Jay, Simon Harper · 2010 · Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper addresses a specific but widespread accessibility problem: pop-up calendar date pickers on the web are effectively unusable by people with visual impairments. These JavaScript widgets dynamically insert tabular calendar content into the page when a date field receives…

  visual impairment · screen readers · dynamic content · Web 2.0 · date picker

• Tailored presentation of dynamic content

  Andy Brown, Caroline Jay, Simon Harper · 2010 · Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper presents the SASWAT browser, a research prototype built as a self-voicing extension to Firefox (based on Fire Vox), designed to address a fundamental challenge of the Web 2.0 era: how should screen readers notify users about dynamic page updates? At the time of…

  screen readers · dynamic content · AJAX · Web 2.0 · eye tracking

• Audio Presentation of Auto-Suggest Lists

  Andy Brown, Caroline Jay, Simon Harper · 2009 · Proceedings of the 2009 International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper investigates how to make auto-suggest lists (ASLs) — the dropdown suggestions that appear as users type in search boxes and form fields — accessible through audio for visually impaired users. Part of the SASWAT (Structured Accessibility Stream for Web 2.0 Access…

  visual impairment · screen readers · dynamic content · Web 2.0 · auto-suggest

• ClassInFocus: Enabling Improved Visual Attention Strategies for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students

  Anna C. Cavender, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Richard E. Ladner · 2009 · Assets '09: Proceedings of the 11th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

  This paper presents ClassInFocus, a system designed to help deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students manage the demanding visual attention requirements of modern multi-modal classrooms. DHH students face a unique challenge: while hearing students can simultaneously listen to the…

  deaf and hard of hearing · classroom accessibility · visual attention · notifications · eye tracking