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• Self-Conscious or Self-Confident? A Diary Study Conceptualizing the Social Accessibility of Assistive Technology

  Kristen Shinohara, Jacob O. Wobbrock · 2016 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)

  This landmark study introduces the concept of "social accessibility" as a complement to functional accessibility in assistive technology design. The authors argue that ATs have traditionally been defined purely in functional terms—the Technical Assistance to the States Act…

  assistive technology · social accessibility · AT abandonment · stigma · disability identity

• User Participation When Users have Mental and Cognitive Disabilities

  Stefan Johansson, Jan Gulliksen, Ann Lantz · 2015 · ASSETS '15: Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility

  This paper describes methods developed to enable meaningful participation in ICT research by people with mental and cognitive disabilities—a population often excluded from user studies. Over 100 participants with conditions including depression, anxiety disorder, bipolar…

  mental health · cognitive disability · participatory design · user research · inclusion

• Exploratory study of web navigation strategies for users with physical disabilities

  J. Eduardo Pérez, Myriam Arrue, Xabier Valencia, Lourdes Moreno · 2014 · Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This exploratory study examined the web navigation strategies of 11 users with upper-body physical impairments, revealing substantial heterogeneity in how people with similar disability types interact with websites. Participants used a wide range of assistive input devices…

  motor accessibility · physical disability · assistive technology · web navigation · input devices

• A Large User Pool for Accessibility Research with Representative Users

  Marianne Dee, Vicki L. Hanson · 2014 · Proceedings of the 16th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility (ASSETS)

  This paper reports on the creation and management of the SiDE (Social Inclusion in the Digital Economy) User Pool at the University of Dundee, Scotland — a pool of over 800 older adults and people with disabilities established between 2009 and 2014 to provide accessibility…

  research methodology · user research · participant recruitment · aging · accessibility research

• Understanding Users in the Wild

  Aitor Apaolaza, Simon Harper, Caroline Jay · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper presents a tool for capturing low-level user interaction data from web applications unobtrusively and longitudinally, enabling the study of "accessibility-in-use" — how real users with real goals experience accessibility in real-world settings. The authors argue that…

  accessibility-in-use · user behaviour analysis · usage mining · in-situ observation · longitudinal study

• Experiential Transcoding: An EyeTracking Approach

  Yeliz Yesilada, Simon Harper, Sukru Eraslan · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper introduces "experiential transcoding" — a user-centred approach to web page transformation that uses eye-tracking data from sighted users to understand how people actually experience web pages, then uses those patterns to guide transcoding for blind and situationally…

  eye tracking · user experience · transcoding · visual impairment · situational impairment

• "Pray Before You Step Out": Describing Personal and Situational Blind Navigation Behaviors

  Michele A. Williams, Amy Hurst, Shaun K. Kane · 2013 · Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS)

  This paper presents a formative study exploring how 30 adults with vision impairments use technology and personal strategies to navigate both indoor and outdoor environments. Rather than introducing new navigation technology, the research aims to build a richer understanding of…

  visual impairment · blindness · navigation · orientation and mobility · wayfinding

• Interviewing Blind Photographers: Design Insights for a Smartphone Application

  Dustin Adams, Tory Gallagher, Alexander Ambard, Sri Kurniawan · 2013 · Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS)

  This short paper reports on interviews with 11 people with limited to no vision who take digital photographs independently, investigating how they take, store, organize, and share their photos. While prior research had addressed camera aiming assistance for blind photographers…

  visual impairment · blindness · photography · photo sharing · smartphone applications

• How Older Adults Learn to Use Mobile Devices: Survey and Field Investigations

  Rock Leung, Charlotte Tang, Shathel Haddad, Joanna McGrenere, Peter Graf, Vilia Ingriany · 2012 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This research investigates how older adults (65+) learn to use mobile devices, combining a survey study of 131 respondents across three age groups (20-49, 50-64, 65+) with an in-depth field study of six older adults learning to use an Android smartphone. The survey examined 11…

  older adults · aging · mobile devices · learning · technology adoption

• Crosschecking the Mobile Web for People with Visual Impairments

  Luís Carriço, Rui Lopes, Rogério Bandeira · 2011 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper proposes a framework for evaluating mobile web accessibility for specific disability profiles by coherently merging three sets of guidelines: WCAG (web accessibility), W3C Mobile Web Best Practices (MWBP), and disability classifications from the ICF. The authors argue…

  mobile accessibility · blind and low vision · WCAG compliance · accessibility evaluation · web standards

• An Integrative Accessibility Engineering Approach Using Multidimensional Classifications of Barriers in the Web

  Diana Ruth-Janneck · 2011 · Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper presents multidimensional classifications of web accessibility barriers derived from the large-scale German study "Web2.0/Accessible," commissioned by Aktion Mensch, which surveyed 671 disabled internet users via an accessible online questionnaire (with audio files…

  accessibility barriers · accessibility evaluation · user research · web accessibility · software engineering

• Understanding the Computer Skills of Adult Expert Users with Down Syndrome: An Exploratory Study

  Jonathan Lazar, Libby Kumin, Jinjuan Heidi Feng · 2011 · The Proceedings of the 13th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS)

  This paper presents an ethnographic study of ten adult expert computer users with Down syndrome, observed in their homes and workplaces for a minimum of two hours each. The research aimed to move beyond earlier survey-based studies (which relied on parent-reported data about…

  Down syndrome · cognitive accessibility · intellectual disability · employment · workplace accessibility

• Developing Accessible TV Applications

  José Coelho, Carlos Duarte, Pradipta Biswas, Patrick Langdon · 2011 · The Proceedings of the 13th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS)

  This paper describes the GUIDE (Gentle User Interfaces for Elderly People) framework for developing accessible TV applications through multimodal interaction, user interface adaptation, and impairment simulation. The research combines a survey of 46 elderly participants (ages…

  aging · multimedia accessibility · multimodal interaction · adaptive systems · personalization

• Using galvanic skin response measures to identify areas of frustration for older web 2.0 users

  Darren Lunn, Simon Harper · 2010 · Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper investigates how older web users experience stress and frustration when interacting with Web 2.0 dynamic content, using galvanic skin response (GSR) measurements combined with eye-tracking data. GSR is a physiological indicator that measures changes in skin electrical…

  older adults · physiological measurement · galvanic skin response · eye tracking · Web 2.0

• More than Meets the Eye: A Survey of Screen-Reader Browsing Strategies

  Yevgen Borodin, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Glenn Dausch, I. V. Ramakrishnan · 2010 · Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This comprehensive survey catalogues the browsing strategies that experienced screen reader users develop to overcome the accessibility and usability barriers they encounter on the web. Drawing from multiple user studies, the authors document how blind users are far from passive…

  screen readers · blindness · browsing strategies · web navigation · usability

• Accessibility by Demonstration: Enabling End Users to Guide Developers to Web Accessibility Solutions

  Jeffrey P. Bigham, Jeremy T. Brudvik, Bernie Zhang · 2010 · Proceedings of the 12th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2010)

  This paper introduces Accessibility by Demonstration (ABD), a novel approach to accessibility evaluation that lets assistive technology users record the accessibility problems they encounter as shareable, replayable demonstrations and send them directly to web developers. ABD is…

  web accessibility · accessibility testing · screen readers · blind and low vision · accessibility evaluation

• In-Situ Study of Blind Individuals Listening to Audio-Visual Contents

  Claude Chapdelaine · 2010 · Proceedings of the 12th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2010)

  This paper presents an in-situ observational study examining how ten legally blind individuals (WHO levels 3-5) listen to and comprehend audio-visual content such as films, television dramas, and science reports. The research aims to understand the type, quantity, and frequency…

  audio description · video description · visual impairment · blindness · residual vision

• About the relevance of accessibility barriers in the everyday interactions of older people with the web

  Sergio Sayago, Josep Blat · 2009 · Proceedings of the 2009 International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper reports findings from a remarkable 3-year ethnographic study (2005-2008) of 388 older people (aged 65-80) using web and computer technologies in their daily lives at the Àgora adult centre in Barcelona. Unlike most accessibility research that relies on lab-based…

  aging · ethnography · web accessibility · cognitive accessibility · mouse interaction

• Investigating Sighted Users' Browsing Behaviour to Assist Web Accessibility

  Eleni Michailidou, Simon Harper, Sean Bechhofer · 2008 · Proceedings of the 10th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '08)

  This paper presents an eye tracking study investigating how sighted users browse web pages, with the goal of using these insights to improve web accessibility for visually impaired users. The core argument is that understanding sighted users' visual browsing patterns can inform…

  eye tracking · web accessibility · visual impairment · web design · visual complexity

• Software and Technologies Designed for People with Autism: What Do Users Want?

  Cynthia Putnam, Lorna Chong · 2008 · Proceedings of the 10th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '08)

  This paper reports on an online survey of 114 respondents (12 adults with ASD completing it themselves, 102 submissions about children with ASD from parents, teachers, and professionals) investigating what users actually want from software and technology designed for people with…

  autism · user-centered design · cognitive accessibility · assistive technology · educational technology

• Technology Devices for Older Adults to Aid Self Management of Chronic Health Conditions

  Amritpal Singh Bhachu, Nicolas Hine, John Arnott · 2008 · Proceedings of the 10th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '08)

  This University of Dundee study investigates older adults' opinions and attitudes toward technology devices that could be used as part of a telecare system for self-managing chronic health conditions. The research was conducted through technology evaluation workshops with a…

  aging · telecare · self-management · health technology · older adults

• WebinSitu: A Comparative Analysis of Blind and Sighted Browsing Behavior

  Jeffrey P. Bigham, Anna C. Cavender, Jeremy T. Brudvik, Jacob O. Wobbrock, Richard E. Ladner · 2007 · Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '07)

  This paper presents WebinSitu, a remote in situ study comparing the web browsing behavior of 10 blind and 10 sighted users over a one-week period. The study used an advanced web proxy built on UsaProxy that injected JavaScript into viewed pages to record not just HTTP requests…

  web accessibility · blind users · screen readers · browsing behavior · user research

• How People Use Presentation to Search for a Link: Expanding the Understanding of Accessibility on the Web

  Caroline Jay, Robert Stevens, Mashhuda Glencross, Alan Chalmers · 2006 · Proceedings of the 2006 International Cross-Disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper uses eye-tracking to investigate a fundamental question about web accessibility: what exactly does visual presentation provide to sighted users that is lost when content is accessed nonvisually (via screen readers) or on small screens? The authors argue that…

  eye tracking · visual presentation · screen readers · nonvisual access · web navigation

• Using Think Aloud Protocol with Blind Users: A Case for Inclusive Usability Evaluation Methods

  Sambhavi Chandrashekar, Tony Stockman, Deborah Fels, Rachel Benedyk · 2006 · Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '06)

  This paper examines whether the Think Aloud Protocol (TAP), one of the most widely used usability evaluation methods, can be effectively applied when testing with blind screen reader users. The study involved six vision-impaired students evaluating a website designed to test the…

  usability testing · think aloud protocol · blind users · screen readers · research methods

• The Impact of User Research on Product Design Case Study: Accessibility Ecosystem for Windows Vista

  Annuska Perkins, Tira Cohene · 2006 · Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '06)

  This paper describes how user research conducted by Microsoft's Windows Accessible Technology Group shaped the accessibility features in Windows Vista. The research encompassed a wide range of users across major disability types (vision, dexterity, hearing, speech, cognitive),…

  accessibility · user research · operating system · universal design · usability