Glossary

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AAC Corpus(also: AAC Text Corpus, Augmentative Communication Corpus)

A collection of text produced by or representative of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) device users, used for training and evaluating language models and word prediction systems. AAC corpora are notoriously difficult to assemble because AAC users produce text…

Chemical Markup Language(also: CML)

An XML-based markup language for representing chemical information including molecular structures, reactions, spectra, and other chemical data in a machine-readable format. CML encodes atoms, bonds, and molecular properties in a structured text format that can be processed by…

Clustering Algorithm(also: Cluster Analysis, Unsupervised Clustering, K-means)

A clustering algorithm is an unsupervised machine-learning technique that groups similar data points together based on a distance or similarity measure, without needing pre-labelled training data. Common algorithms include K-means, PAM (Partitioning Around Medoids), CLARA…

Corpus(also: Language Corpus, Text Corpus, British National Corpus)

A corpus is a large, structured collection of texts used to train, tune, or evaluate language-processing systems. Representative examples include the British National Corpus (BNC, 100 million words of British English), the Penn Treebank, and more recently Common Crawl and…

Crowdsourcing

The practice of gathering information, data, or contributions from a large group of distributed participants, typically via the internet. In accessibility, crowdsourcing platforms like Wheelmap and AccessTogether allow users to rate and report the accessibility of physical…

Daily Data Analysis(also: DDA, Everyday Data Analysis)

The common, everyday tasks of analyzing and deriving insights from data that people perform in their daily lives or work, such as splitting expenses among friends, computing stock portfolio changes, calculating averages, and comparing product prices. For blind and low-vision…

Data Accessibility(also: Accessible Data, Data Access)

The practice of making data and data-related tools usable by people with disabilities, ensuring that information presented in tables, charts, graphs, spreadsheets, and databases can be perceived, understood, and analyzed regardless of ability. Data accessibility encompasses both…

Data Exploration(also: Exploratory Data Analysis, EDA)

The process of investigating and examining datasets to discover patterns, spot anomalies, test hypotheses, and check assumptions, typically as a preliminary step before formal analysis. For blind and low-vision users, data exploration is particularly challenging because sighted…

Data Literacy(also: Data Fluency)

The ability to read, understand, create, and communicate data as information. Data literacy encompasses skills such as knowing how to interpret charts and graphs, identify trends and outliers, understand statistical concepts, and make evidence-based decisions from data. As data…

Data Mining(also: Knowledge Discovery, KDD, Knowledge Discovery in Databases)

Data mining is the computational process of discovering patterns, rules, and relationships in large datasets, drawing on techniques from statistics, machine learning, and database systems. Common tasks include classification, clustering, association-rule mining, anomaly…

Decision Tree(also: Classification Tree, Regression Tree, C4.5)

A decision tree is a supervised machine-learning model that represents a classification or regression decision as a tree of yes/no tests on input features, with predictions at the leaves. Well-known algorithms include ID3, C4.5, CART, and Random Forests. Decision trees are…

Entity-Relationship Diagram(also: ER Diagram, ERD)

A type of relational diagram used in software engineering and database design to model the conceptual structure of a system by representing entities (objects or concepts), their attributes (properties), and the relationships between them. ER diagrams are widely used by system…

Error Profile(also: Accessibility Error Profile, Violation Profile)

An error profile is a structured summary of the accessibility issues detected on a page, typically represented as a numeric vector with one component per checkpoint or rule — counts of violations, binary pass/fail indicators, or failure rates. Error profiles were introduced in…

Linked Data(also: Linked Open Data, LOD)

A method of publishing structured data on the web so that it can be interlinked and queried across different sources using Semantic Web technologies such as RDF, URIs, and SPARQL. Linked Data principles enable disparate datasets — for example, transport accessibility information…

OLAP(also: On-line Analytical Processing, Online Analytical Processing, Data Cube)

OLAP (on-line analytical processing) is a class of database technology that organises data into multi-dimensional 'cubes' — for example, sensor-firing counts indexed by room, time zone, day of week, and week number — and provides fast interactive slice, dice, drill-down, and…

Open Data(also: Open Government Data)

Data that is freely available to anyone to use, redistribute, and republish without restrictions from copyright, patents, or other control mechanisms. In the accessibility context, open data initiatives by governments and transport authorities — such as publishing station…

Principal Component Analysis(also: PCA)

A statistical technique that reduces the dimensionality of data by identifying the principal axes of variation in a dataset. In accessibility and assistive technology contexts, PCA is commonly used in face recognition systems (as the basis of the Eigenfaces method), gesture…

Pseudonymization(also: Pseudonymisation, De-identification)

A privacy technique in which personally identifying fields are replaced with artificial identifiers — typically hashes, tokens, or randomly assigned IDs — so that the data can no longer be attributed to a specific person without additional information kept separately. Recognised…

Quantified Self(also: Self-Tracking, Personal Informatics, Lifelogging)

The practice of using technology to systematically track and analyse data about one's own body, health, behaviour, and daily activities. Common tools include fitness trackers, smartwatches, heart rate monitors, and mobile apps that record metrics such as steps, sleep, calories,…

Right to Erasure(also: Right to be Forgotten, GDPR Article 17)

A user right under the EU General Data Protection Regulation (Article 17) to have their personal data deleted by a data controller when certain conditions are met (e.g., data no longer needed, consent withdrawn, unlawful processing). Implemented in accessible products through…

Tabular Data(also: Table Data, Structured Data)

Information organized in a grid of rows and columns, commonly found in spreadsheets, databases, and HTML tables. For accessibility, tabular data must be properly structured with row and column headers so that assistive technologies can convey the relationships between data cells…

Trajectory Analysis(also: Route Analysis, Path Analysis)

The computational study of movement patterns over time and space, typically derived from GPS or other location data. Trajectory analysis involves modelling, comparing, and classifying sequences of spatial positions to identify patterns, anomalies, or behaviours. In assistive…

Wrapper(also: Web Wrapper, Data Wrapper)

In web accessibility and data extraction contexts, a reusable program that maps the visual layout of a web page to its underlying structured dataset by identifying records and fields within the HTML. Wrappers reverse the rendering process, extracting semantic structure from…

23 results.