Glossary

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Blockchain(also: Distributed Ledger, Distributed Ledger Technology, DLT)

A blockchain is a distributed, append-only digital ledger in which records (blocks) are cryptographically linked and replicated across a decentralized network of nodes. No single party controls the data; once written, records are extremely difficult to alter. In accessibility…

Coercion Resistance(also: Receipt-Freeness, Anti-Coercion)

Coercion resistance is a security property of voting systems that prevents a coercer from verifying how a voter cast their ballot, even if the voter cooperates with the coercer. A related but weaker property, receipt-freeness, means the voter cannot produce proof of their vote…

Decentralized Autonomous Organization(also: DAO, Decentralised Autonomous Organisation)

A decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) is an internet-native collective governed by rules encoded in smart contracts on a blockchain, rather than by a centralized management hierarchy. Members hold governance tokens and participate in collective decisions — such as…

Digital Citizenship

Digital citizenship refers to the capacity to participate fully, safely and recognisably in online and digital public life - having roles, routines and voice in the platforms where shared culture and civic life are increasingly located. For disabled users, and particularly…

End-to-End Verifiability(also: E2E Verifiability, E2EV)

End-to-end verifiability (E2EV) is a property of voting systems that allows voters to independently verify that their ballot was cast as intended, recorded as cast, and counted as recorded — without relying on trust in any single authority or system component. It is composed of…

Internet Voting(also: E-Voting, Electronic Voting, i-Voting)

Internet voting (also known as e-voting or i-voting) is the casting and counting of votes via internet-connected systems, enabling voters to participate in elections from any location without attending a physical polling station. For accessibility, internet voting is significant…

Multi-Party Computation(also: MPC, Secure Multi-Party Computation, SMPC)

Multi-party computation (MPC) is a subfield of cryptography that enables multiple parties to jointly compute a function over their private inputs while keeping those inputs secret from each other. No single party learns anything beyond the output. In accessible digital systems,…

Universal Verifiability(also: Public Verifiability)

Universal verifiability is a security property of election systems that enables any third party — not just registered voters — to independently audit and confirm that the published election outcome correctly reflects all legitimately cast ballots. It complements individual…

Zero-Knowledge Proof(also: ZKP, Zero-Knowledge Protocol)

A zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) is a cryptographic method by which one party (the prover) can convince another party (the verifier) that a statement is true without revealing any information beyond the truth of the statement itself. For example, a voter can prove they are eligible…

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