Glossary

Search results

C-Print(also: C-Print Pro)

A meaning-for-meaning real-time captioning service where a trained captioner produces a condensed transcription of spoken classroom content, as opposed to the verbatim word-for-word transcription provided by CART. C-Print captioners are trained in text-condensing strategies that…

CART(also: Communication Access Realtime Translation, Real-Time Captioning, Realtime Captioning)

A professional service providing instant, verbatim text display of spoken content, typically delivered by trained stenographers using specialized equipment. CART achieves accuracy rates of 98% or higher, far exceeding automatic speech recognition systems. It is commonly used in…

CEA-708(also: CTA-708, EIA-708, Digital Closed Captioning)

A US standard for digital closed captioning on digital television broadcasts and streaming, superseding the analog-era CEA-608 standard. CEA-708 supports richer presentation than its predecessor, including multiple fonts, colours, opacity, text positioning, and up to 63 caption…

Caption Flow(also: Captioning Flow, Text Flow)

The smoothness and regularity with which caption text appears and updates on screen during real-time captioning. Good caption flow means text arrives at a consistent pace without jarring delays, sudden bursts, or choppy delivery. Research shows that caption flow significantly…

Caption Highlighting(also: Text Highlighting in Captions, Keyword Highlighting in Captions)

The visual emphasis of important words within video captions to help viewers quickly identify key concepts and reduce the cognitive load of reading dynamic text. Research with Deaf and Hard of Hearing users has found that underlining 5-15% of the most important words in captions…

Caption Occlusion(also: Caption Blocking, Subtitle Occlusion)

The phenomenon where captions or subtitles visually block or cover other important information displayed on a video screen. Caption occlusion is a significant accessibility concern for Deaf and Hard of Hearing viewers, who depend on captions for dialogue access but may…

Caption Placement(also: Caption Positioning, Subtitle Placement)

The decision of where captions or subtitles are positioned on a video screen, which significantly affects the viewing experience of Deaf and Hard of Hearing users. Poor caption placement can occlude important visual information such as speakers' faces, onscreen graphics, or news…

Caption Quality(also: Subtitle Quality)

The overall fitness of a set of captions or subtitles for their intended accessibility purpose. Quality is multi-dimensional: it includes text accuracy (whether spoken words are correctly transcribed, commonly measured by Word Error Rate or the NER model), synchronicity with the…

Caption quality metric(also: ACE metric, Caption evaluation metric)

A measure designed to predict how understandable automatically generated captions are for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing users, as an alternative to standard Word Error Rate which correlates poorly with actual DHH comprehension. The Automatic Caption Evaluation (ACE) metric combines…

Captioning(also: Captions, Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, SDH)

The process of displaying synchronized text on screen that represents spoken dialogue, sound effects, and other audio information in video content. Unlike subtitles, captions are specifically designed for deaf and hard of hearing viewers and include non-speech sounds like [door…

Certified Deaf Interpreter(also: CDI)

A Deaf or Hard-of-hearing individual who has obtained professional certification from the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) to provide interpreting, translation, and transliteration services. CDIs work in tandem with hearing interpreters or independently, bringing…

Chinese Natural Sign Language(also: CNSL)

Chinese Natural Sign Language (CNSL) is the language used by roughly twenty million Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing people in China. Unlike Chinese Sign Language (CSL) — an artificial, school-and-broadcast system that follows spoken Mandarin word order — CNSL has its own spatial-visual…

Circumplex Model of Affect(also: Russell's Circumplex Model, Valence-Arousal Model)

A psychological framework that represents emotions along two continuous dimensions: valence (pleasure vs. displeasure) and arousal (activation vs. deactivation). Proposed by James Russell in 1980, the model maps all emotional states onto a circular space rather than treating…

Closed Captioning(also: CC, Closed Captions)

Text displayed on a screen that transcribes spoken dialogue, identifies speakers, and describes relevant sound effects in video content. Unlike open captions which are permanently embedded in the video, closed captions can be toggled on or off by the viewer. Closed captioning is…

Cochlear Implant(also: CI)

A surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to individuals who are deaf or have severe hearing loss. Unlike hearing aids which amplify sound, cochlear implants bypass damaged portions of the inner ear and directly stimulate the auditory nerve. The…

Collective Communication Access(also: CCA)

A framework developed by McDonnell et al. (2023) that reconceptualises communication access as a shared, co-constructed practice distributed across everyone involved in an interaction, rather than as an individual accommodation provided to disabled participants. CCA argues that…

Communication Burden(also: Burden of Communication, Conversational Burden)

The disproportionate effort that people with communication-related disabilities must exert to participate in conversations, particularly in mixed-ability groups. In the context of Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) individuals, communication burden refers to the repeated need to ask…

Continuous Sign Language(also: Connected Sign Language, Continuous Signing)

Sign language produced in natural, flowing sentences and discourse, as opposed to isolated individual signs. Continuous sign language includes phenomena like co-articulation (where one sign influences the formation of the next), epenthesis (insertion of transitional movements…

Crowdsourced Captioning(also: Crowd Captioning, Collaborative Captioning)

Crowdsourced captioning is an approach to creating video captions or subtitles by distributing the work across multiple contributors rather than relying on a single professional captionist. This method can leverage diverse workers with varying language skills, hearing abilities,…

Customizable Captioning(also: Personalized Captions, Adaptive Captioning)

Captioning systems that allow users to modify how captions are displayed, including visual styling, content detail, and the representation of paralinguistic speech features such as emotion, loudness, and pitch. Unlike standard closed captions that offer only basic font and size…

20 results.