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• RAVEN: Realtime Accessibility in Virtual ENvironments for Blind and Low-Vision People

  Xinyun Cao, Kexin Phyllis Ju, Chenglin Li, Venkatesh Potluri, Dhruv Jain · 2026 · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '26)

  RAVEN is a GenAI-powered system enabling blind and low-vision (BLV) users to query and modify 3D virtual environments in real time through natural language. Rather than relying on developer-defined static accessibility features (such as fixed audio descriptions or color…

  blind and low vision · virtual environments · generative AI · 3D accessibility · natural language interaction

• Echolocation as an Accessible Navigation Tool in a Virtual 3D Environment

  Mai Ricaplaza Thøgersen, Rasmus Jens Frølich Kjeldsen · 2024 · Assets '24: Proceedings of the 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

  This paper investigates whether active echolocation — emitting a sound and interpreting its echo — can serve as a viable navigation tool for blind and low-vision (BLV) individuals in virtual 3D environments. Virtual spaces remain overwhelmingly visual, lacking the physical and…

  virtual environments · echolocation · blind and low vision · spatial navigation · sonic design space

• O&M Indoor Virtual Environments for People Who Are Blind: A Systematic Literature Review

  Agebson Rocha Façanha, Ticianne Darin, Windson Viana, Jaime Sánchez · 2020 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This systematic literature review examines virtual environments designed to support indoor orientation and mobility (O&M) training for people who are blind. The authors analyzed 51 papers describing 32 distinct O&M virtual environments, filtering from an initial pool of 987…

  orientation and mobility · O&M training · virtual environments · blindness · visual impairment

• Sensory Substitution Training for Users Who Are Blind with Dynamic Stimuli, Games and Virtual Environments

  Shachar Maidenbaum · 2015 · ASSETS '15: Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility

  This paper explores whether gamification and dynamic training can address one of the major barriers to sensory substitution device (SSD) adoption: the long, arduous learning process. SSDs like EyeMusic convert visual information into sound, enabling people who are blind to…

  sensory substitution · blindness · congenital blindness · visual rehabilitation · gamification

• Usability of a Multimodal Video Game to Improve Navigation Skills for Blind Children

  Jaime Sánchez, Mauricio Saenz, Jose Miguel Garrido · 2010 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This paper presents an evaluative study of a multimodal system combining a custom haptic device (Digital Clock Carpet) with a 3D audio-based video game (MOVA3D) to develop orientation and mobility (O&M) skills in blind school-aged children. The Digital Clock Carpet is a low-cost…

  blindness · orientation and mobility · haptic interface · audio games · spatial cognition

• Usability of a multimodal videogame to improve navigation skills for blind children

  Jaime Sánchez, Mauricio Sáenz, Miguel Ripoll · 2009 · Proceedings of the 11th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '09)

  This paper presents a usability evaluation of two complementary tools designed to help blind school-aged children develop orientation and mobility (O&M) skills in closed, unfamiliar spaces. The first tool is the Digital Clock Carpet (DCC), a custom-built haptic input device…

  blind children · orientation and mobility · haptic interfaces · audio interfaces · virtual environments

• Modeling Educational Software for People with Disabilities: Theory and Practice

  Nelson Baloian, Wolfram Luther, Jaime Sánchez · 2002 · Proceedings of the Fifth International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets 02)

  This paper proposes a unified modelling framework for developing educational software for people with sensory disabilities, drawing on two existing systems as case studies: AudioDoom for blind children and Whisper for hearing-impaired users. The authors argue that interactive…

  accessible education · blind users · deaf users · sensory disabilities · audio games

• Making VRML Accessible for People with Disabilities

  Sandy Ressler, Qiming Wang · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) presents a taxonomy of techniques for making Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) environments accessible to people with disabilities. Written at a time when VRML was emerging as a…

  virtual reality · VRML · virtual environments · audio feedback · spatialized audio

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