Glossary

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Accessible Publishing(also: Inclusive Publishing, Born Accessible Publishing)

The practice of creating digital publications — including e-books, journals, and documents — that are accessible to people with disabilities from the point of creation rather than through after-the-fact remediation. Accessible publishing involves using semantic structure…

Braille Translation(also: Braille Transcription, Text-to-Braille Translation)

The process of converting printed text or digital text content into Braille, either manually by a trained transcriber or automatically using software such as Duxbury. Braille translation involves more than simple character substitution — it requires knowledge of Braille codes,…

Braille Translator(also: Braille translation software)

Software that converts print text (and sometimes marked-up content such as LaTeX or MathML) into correctly formatted Braille output, applying contractions, code switches, and page-layout rules. Braille translators are essential to every alternative-format production pipeline,…

DAISY(also: Digital Accessible Information System, DAISY Consortium)

An international standard and consortium dedicated to making published information accessible to people with print disabilities including blindness, low vision, dyslexia, and physical disabilities that prevent handling books. The DAISY standard defines a format for creating…

Duxbury Braille Translator(also: Duxbury, DBT)

A commercial Braille translation software package (Duxbury Systems) widely used by transcribers and production agencies to convert print text and documents into contracted and uncontracted Braille, including specialised codes such as Nemeth for mathematics. Duxbury supports…

EPUB(also: EPUB 3, Electronic Publication)

An open standard file format for digital books and publications maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), formerly by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). EPUB 3, the current major version, is based on HTML5, CSS, and JavaScript, which means web…

Electronic Textbook(also: E-Textbook, Digital Textbook, Interactive Textbook)

A digital version of an educational textbook that goes beyond simply reproducing printed content on screen by offering interactive features such as searchable text, bookmarking, embedded exercises and assessments, multimedia content, annotations, progress tracking, and adaptive…

ICADD(also: International Committee on Accessible Document Design)

A non-profit organization that developed techniques for making structured electronic documents accessible to people with print disabilities. ICADD created the SDA (SGML Document Access) mechanism — a set of attributes that map complex document type definitions to a simplified…

InftyReader(also: Infty Reader)

A specialised optical character recognition (OCR) system designed to recognise mathematical expressions in scanned documents, developed by the Infty Project (Suzuki et al.). Unlike general-purpose OCR, InftyReader can accurately parse complex mathematical notation (fractions,…

Marrakesh Treaty(also: Marrakesh VIP Treaty, WIPO Marrakesh Treaty)

An international treaty adopted by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 2013 that requires signatory countries to create copyright exceptions allowing the production and distribution of published works in accessible formats for people with print disabilities.…

NIMAS(also: National Instructional Materials Accessibility Standard)

A technical standard in the United States that defines a consistent file format for producing accessible versions of print instructional materials. NIMAS is based on the DAISY/NISO standard and specifies how publishers must provide source files so they can be converted into…

Single-Source Publishing(also: Single-Source Authoring, Multi-Channel Publishing)

An authoring and publishing methodology where content is written and maintained in one master source and then automatically transformed into multiple output formats such as HTML, PDF, Braille, or mobile-optimized views. This approach is significant for accessibility because it…

Structured Audio(also: Structured Digital Audio)

Structured audio refers to digital audio content that has been encoded with hierarchical markers and metadata, allowing non-sequential access to specific segments such as chapters, sections, paragraphs, and phrases. Unlike linear audio recordings (such as traditional audio…

Unicode(also: Unicode Standard, UTF-8)

A universal character encoding standard that assigns a unique code point to every character in every writing system, enabling consistent representation and processing of text across all platforms, programs, and languages. Unicode is foundational to digital accessibility because…

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