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• Evaluation of a psycholinguistically motivated timing model for animations of American Sign Language

  Matt Huenerfauth · 2008 · Proceedings of the 10th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '08)

  This paper investigates how psycholinguistic insights about the timing and speed of American Sign Language (ASL) can improve computer-generated sign language animations. The author developed two algorithms — a sign-duration algorithm and a pause-insertion algorithm — grounded in…

  sign language · American Sign Language · animation · natural language generation · deaf accessibility

• Using Networked Multimedia to Improve Educational Access for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students

  Anna C. Cavender · 2007 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This paper proposes a networked multimedia platform to address the specific challenges deaf and hard of hearing students face in mainstream university classrooms. The author identifies three core problems. First, isolation: as more deaf students enter mainstream universities,…

  deaf and hard of hearing · higher education · sign language · captioning · remote interpreting

• Improving the Efficacy of Automated Sign Language Practice Tools

  Helene Brashear · 2007 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This paper describes dissertation research on improving automatic sign language recognition for CopyCat, an interactive computer game that helps young deaf children practice American Sign Language (ASL). The work addresses a critical need: 90% of deaf children are born to…

  sign language · sign language detection · gesture-based interaction · computer vision · machine learning

• Variable frame rate for low power mobile sign language communication

  Neva Cherniavsky, Anna C. Cavender, Richard E. Ladner, Eve A. Riskin · 2007 · Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '07)

  This paper from the University of Washington MobileASL team — Neva Cherniavsky, Anna Cavender, Richard Ladner, and Eve Riskin — addresses a then-emerging problem: enabling Deaf people in the United States to hold real-time American Sign Language conversations over the cellular…

  American Sign Language · sign language · fingerspelling · Deaf community · video phone

• Design and Evaluation of an American Sign Language Generator

  Matt Huenerfauth, Liming Zhao, Erdan Gu, Jan Allbeck · 2007 · Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing (EmbodiedNLP 2007)

  Huenerfauth, Zhao, Gu, and Allbeck (2007) describe the implementation and user evaluation of a prototype system for generating animations of American Sign Language (ASL) classifier predicates — spatially complex hand movements that trace the location, motion, shape, or contour…

  ASL · American Sign Language · deaf accessibility · sign language · sign language animation

• Facetop Tablet: Note-Taking Assistance for Deaf Persons

  Dorian Miller, James Culp, David Stotts · 2006 · Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '06)

  This paper presents Facetop Tablet, a system designed to assist deaf and hard of hearing people in taking notes during meetings, lectures, and group activities. The core problem is that deaf users who rely on sign language interpreters face a constant visual context-switching…

  deaf · hard of hearing · sign language · note-taking · meeting accommodation

• South African Sign Language Machine Translation Project

  Lynette van Zijl · 2006 · Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '06)

  This paper describes the South African Sign Language Machine Translation (SASL-MT) project at Stellenbosch University, aimed at increasing the South African Deaf community's access to information by automatically translating English text into South African Sign Language (SASL).…

  sign language · machine translation · deaf · South Africa · natural language processing

• MobileASL: Intelligibility of Sign Language Video as Constrained by Mobile Phone Technology

  Anna Cavender, Richard E. Ladner, Eve A. Riskin · 2006 · Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '06)

  This paper presents MobileASL, a video compression research project aimed at enabling Deaf people to communicate in American Sign Language (ASL) over mobile phone networks. In 2006, Deaf people in the US were limited to text messaging on mobile phones, forcing communication in…

  deaf · American Sign Language · mobile phone · video compression · video relay

• A Parametric Approach to Sign Language Synthesis

  Amanda Irving, Richard Foulds · 2005 · Proceedings of the 7th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '05)

  This paper describes a parametric approach to synthesizing American Sign Language (ASL) using a commercially available human avatar (UGS Jack) driven by kinematic parameters. The system addresses the fundamental challenge that signed and spoken languages are not mutually…

  sign language · sign language synthesis · signing avatar · American Sign Language · animation

• American Sign Language natural language generation and machine translation

  Matt Huenerfauth · 2005 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  Matt Huenerfauth's 2005 paper describes a research programme to build an English-to-American Sign Language (ASL) machine translation (MT) system that generates animations of a 3D virtual-reality signing character. The author frames the project against a stark literacy gap: most…

  ASL · American Sign Language · deaf accessibility · sign language · sign language animation

• A Multi-Path Architecture for Machine Translation of English Text into American Sign Language Animation

  Matt Huenerfauth · 2004 · Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at HLT-NAACL 2004

  Huenerfauth's 2004 student-research-workshop paper proposes a 'multi-path' (or 'pyramidal') architecture for English-to-American Sign Language machine translation that unifies the three classical MT paradigms — direct, transfer, and interlingua — into a single system, with each…

  ASL · American Sign Language · deaf accessibility · sign language · sign language animation

• TESSA, a System to Aid Communication with Deaf People

  Stephen Cox, Michael Lincoln, Judy Tryggvason, Melanie Nakisa, Mark Wells, Marcus Tutt, Sanja Abbott · 2002 · Proceedings of the Fifth International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets 02)

  This paper describes TESSA (Text and Sign Support Assistant), an experimental system developed collaboratively by the University of East Anglia, the Royal National Institute for Deaf People, and Televirtual Ltd. to facilitate communication between deaf customers and Post Office…

  deaf accessibility · sign language · British Sign Language · sign language avatar · speech recognition

• The Development of Language Processing Support for the ViSiCAST Project

  R. Elliott, J. R. W. Glauert, J. R. Kennaway, I. Marshall · 2000 · Proceedings of the Fourth International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '00)

  This paper from the University of East Anglia describes early work on the ViSiCAST project (Virtual Signing, Animation, Capture, Storage and Transmission), a 3-year EU-funded initiative to provide improved access to services for Deaf citizens through sign language presented by a…

  sign language · sign language avatar · virtual signing · British Sign Language · machine translation

• VRML-Based Representations of ASL Fingerspelling on the World Wide Web

  S. Augustine Su, Richard K. Furuta · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper presents techniques for representing American Sign Language (ASL) fingerspelling using 3D hand models in VRML 2.0 (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) on the World Wide Web. The authors argue that VRML offers a more effective way to document sign language online than…

  sign language · American Sign Language · fingerspelling · VRML · virtual reality

• Dual Level Intraframe Coding for Increased Video Telecommunication Bandwidth

  David M. Saxe, Richard A. Foulds, Arthur W. Joyce · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from the Applied Science and Engineering Laboratories at the University of Delaware presents a dual-level video compression approach designed to make sign language transmission viable over bandwidth-limited telephone networks. The authors identify a fundamental…

  sign language · deafness · video conferencing · video compression · telecommunications

• Modeling and Generating Sign Language as Animated Line Drawings

  Frank Godenschweger, Thomas Strothotte · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg introduces a system for generating sign language as animated line drawings rather than photorealistic 3D renderings. The authors argue that the prevailing approach of creating increasingly realistic virtual humans for…

  sign language · sign language animation · deafness · computer graphics · non-photorealistic rendering

• A Gesture Recognition Architecture for Sign Language

  Annelies Braffort · 1996 · Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This paper from LIMSI-CNRS in France presents a gesture recognition architecture specifically designed for sign languages, grounded in a detailed linguistic analysis of French Sign Language (LSF). The key insight is that sign languages differ fundamentally from oral languages in…

  sign language · gesture recognition · French Sign Language · data glove · sign language recognition

• Computer Generated 3-Dimensional Models of Manual Alphabet Handshapes for the World Wide Web

  Sarah Geitz, Timothy Hanson, Stephen Maher · 1996 · Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This paper from Gallaudet University and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center presents a web-based teaching tool for learning American Sign Language (ASL) fingerspelling through interactive 3D computer models. The authors created VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language)…

  sign language · deaf accessibility · fingerspelling · virtual reality · VRML

• Multimedia dictionary of American Sign Language

  Sherman Wilcox, Joanne Scheibman, Doug Wood, Dennis Cokely, William C. Stokoe · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper describes the Multimedia Dictionary of American Sign Language (MM-DASL), a Macintosh application functioning as a bilingual ASL-English dictionary that presents signs in full-motion digital video using Apple's QuickTime technology. The project, funded by the National…

  sign language · deaf accessibility · multimedia · dictionary · American Sign Language